Effect of Government Policies on Pricing Strategies

Effect of Government Policies on Pricing Strategies Long-Term Investment Decisions April Barnes Dr. Bernadette West Abstract In this paper I will outline a plan that managers in the low-calorie microwaveable food company could follow when selecting pricing strategies for making their products as inelastic as possible. I will then examine the major effects that government policies have on production and employment. I will predict the potential effects that government policies could have on the company. Afterwards, I will determine whether or not government regulation to ensure fairness in the low-calorie microwavable food industry is needed and cite the major reasons for government involvement in a market economy. After I will examine the major complexities that would arise under expansion via capital projects and propose key actions that the company could take in order to prevent or address these complexities. Lastly, I will suggest the substantive manner in which the company could create a convergence between the interests of stockholders and managers and indicate the most likely impact to profitability o f such a convergence. Outline a plan that managers in the low-calorie microwaveable food company could follow when selecting pricing strategies for making their products as inelastic as possible. Provide a rationale for your response. The price elasticity of demand affects a company’s pricing strategies by determining the optimal profit margin. Price elasticity of demand defines the degree of change of demand in relation to the change in price of a product. The higher the elasticity, the higher the demand fluctuates in response to price. In general, most companies would like for their products to be inelastic. When a product is inelastic, the price of the good may increase, while the supply and demand of the product are unaffected. In other words, if the price of a product were to go up, consumers would still buy the product, as well as if the product price were to go down, consumers would still buy the product (Investopedia Inelastic, 2014). When considering the inelasticity of a product it is important to select the proper pricing strategy. When it comes to selecting the best pricing strategy, it is best to first understand what consumers are willing to spend on a product. This can be done by conducting m arket research and surveys. Managers can also select the pricing strategy by making reasonable assumptions based on historic purchases and patterns. Then managers should consider the competition and the quality of their products. If the competitor sells a product with high quality at a certain price, it is not feasible to sell a similar product with lower quality at a higher price point. The managers should first plan to sell each unit or product at the lowest price possible while still being able to break even and pay for all of the company’s expenses. When it comes to price strategizing, there is no potential for price discrimination. Price discrimination occurs when a seller sells a product for the highest price the consumer is willing to pay for (Investopedia Price Discrimination, 2014). When it comes to a microwaveable food company, there is no reason to sell products at different prices for each customer as it is also illegal. Examine the major effects that government policies have on production and employment. Predict the potential effects that government policies could have on your company. Government regulations and policies can have a positive as well as a negative impact on production and employment. when imposed on businesses substantially increase production and operating costs of the business which could result in reduced operating and economic profit, earning per share, earning stream, dividend and eventually market equity value for shareholders. The United States regulatory stringency has contributed to loss of U.S. manufacturing firms’ competitiveness in the international markets. This loss of competitiveness is believed to be reflected in declining exports, increasing imports and a long-term movement of manufacturing capacity from United States to other countries. As mentioned, government policies can have a positive impact as well, for example; the food safety regulations. The food safety regulations are standards and procedures that companies must follow to maintain a safe and sanitary environment for employees as well as for the consumers who purchas e the products (Food Safety Program, 2014). Food safety consists of regulating prepping, handling, and storage of food in ways that prevent foodborne illness and other sicknesses. If these rules were not in place, companies would manage food in any way they please and could potentially get consumers sick and face numerous lawsuits. Determine whether or not government regulation to ensure fairness in the low-calorie microwavable food industry is needed. Cite the major reasons for government involvement in a market economy. Provide two (2) examples of government involvement in a similar market economy to support your response. Government regulation is needed to ensure fairness in the low-calorie microwavable food industry. Government involvement is needed in a market economy to maintain social efficiency and equity. Social efficiency is attained at the mark where the marginal benefits to consumers for either production or consumption are equivalent to the marginal costs of either consumption or production. Matters of equity are challenging to evaluate due to the subjective assessment of what is and isn’t a fair sharing of resources (Pearson Education, 2010). As similar to the automotive industry, the government regulates many aspects. The government regulates auto manufacturing, repair, maintenance, recycling, sales and dealerships. The government also has policies regarding environmental, safety, and import regulations and standards (SBA, 2014). Examine the major complexities that would arise under expansion via capital projects. Propose key actions that the company could take in order to prevent or address these complexities. Capital expansion is generally an investment in a major company that wishes to expand or restructure operations without losing control of the business. Some disadvantages that may be faced when undergoing capital expansion would be business owners potentially losing a percentage of the company, investors wanting to be a part of day to day discussions and decisions as well as company secrets revealed (G. Segal, 2013). In order to address these complexities, the company can set up regulations or contracts with the investors or equity partners stating the conditions and ownership of the company. Suggest the substantive manner in which the company could create a convergence between the interests of stockholders and managers. Indicate the most likely impact to profitability of such a convergence. Provide two (2) examples of instances that support your response. One recommendation would be that the stockholders become very careful and adamant about the company’s expenses and cash flow. By creating share owners out of management, executive management will take action in its greatest interest as a shareowner, in which will be of an advantage to all equity investors (M. Anson, 2004). Creating share owners out of management would likely survive a merger or capital expansion because this gives the opportunity for the owners and investors to work together and make decisions that are best for the company. References DOH (2014) â€Å"Food Safety Rules and Regulations† retrieved on March 8, 2014 from: http://www.doh.wa.gov/CommunityandEnvironment/Food/FoodWorkerandIndustry/FoodSafetyRules.aspx G. Segal (2013) â€Å"WHAT ARE THE PROS AND CONS OF USING EQUITY CAPITAL?† retrieved on March 8, 2014 from: http://chironthebusinessdoctor.com/the-pros-and-cons-of-using-equity-capital/ Investopedia (2014) â€Å"Inelastic† retrieved on March 8, 2014 from: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/inelastic.asp Investopedia (2014) â€Å"Price Discrimination† retrieved on March 8, 2014 from: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/price_discrimination.asp M. Anson (2004) â€Å"ALIGNING THE INTERESTS OF AGENTS AND OWNERS: AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION† retrieved on March 8, 2014 from: http://iveybusinessjournal.com/topics/governance/aligning-the-interests-of-agents-and-owners-an-empirical-examination-of-executive-compensation#.Uxuyo_ldUuc Pearson Education (2010) â€Å"Reasons for Government Intervention in the Market† retrieved on March 8, 2014 from: http://wps.pearsoned.co.uk/ema_uk_he_sloman_econbus_3/18/4748/1215583.cw/ SBA (2014) â€Å"Automotive† retrieved on March 8, 2014 from: http://www.sba.gov/content/automotive 1

Health Care System in Turmoil Essay

Is the health care system today really in Turmoil? What are some of the major problems that healthcare is experiencing? What is the impact of each of the chosen problems on not just consumers but also the community? What are some of the benefits and risks of national health insurance? The health care system has been in a bad position for a while now. Not only is the healthcare system in a bad position, but after the Affordable Care Act has taken affect there still several million citizens without health care coverage. This paper will be addressing these important questions about our Health care system. The current health care system as we know it is in trouble. Health care is still an issue and millions of Americans are still not insured and cannot afford to be. It is understandable that the United States has a lot more technology and cures that other countries do not, but the fact that our health care is double the price of other countries is mind boggling. The health care reform was supposed to be the answer to all the problems with our health care system and though it was extremely helpful, the system still doesn’t provide universal care for all of its citizens which is a huge problem. â€Å"For decades, health care policy leaders have focused on two huge problems in American health care finance. The first was the coverage problem—that the fraction of Americans with inadequate or no health insurance was substantial and growing. The second was the cost problem—that total health spending was high and rising, although quality was uneven† (Rivlin, A., 201 3). These two problems remain an issue for our health care system. Myers (2013) states that coverage alone is not enough. Instead focusing on things like having providers that are acceptable, also the care received should be effective. There can be plenty of providers that are available, but how beneficial are they if they are not providing quality care to patients. Quality and Value need to be a goal for the Health care system. Some necessary changes were made because of Affordable Care Act. This was just the beginning and more steps need to be taken in order to rectify our health care system. Renovation of the delivery of health care is necessary to make better connections in the chain. Coverage will be a great first step, following access to high- quality health care, and improving patient outcomes and population help. Coverage has a positive impact when it comes to the community but as far as the consumer it has a negative impact. Cost of Care is the second problem that is causing our Health care system to go in Turmoil. Affording Health care has always been one of the main issues with Health Care in the United States. The Affordable Care Act was signed by President Obama in 2010 and was taken into effect in 2014. It has provided millions of people with insurance who didn’t have it before but still leaves millions of citizens without. Having insurance is a tax, if it is not purchased a fine will be added to the 2014 tax return. So somehow everybody will be paying out of pocket cost for health care. The cost have reduced in some areas and have increased in others. The cost has a positive impact on millions of citizens â€Å"the community† who now have health insurance. Like mentioned previously there are still millions of citizens that can’t afford to have insurance so it has a negative impact on a portion of consumers. National Health insurance pose several risks. â€Å"At least three broad problems characterize U.S. health care and insurance: (1) high and rapidly growing costs, (2) large numbers of nonelderly people without insurance, and (3) enormous projected Medicare deficits and continued Medicaid cost growth. The health care reform debate and reform proposals have focused largely on expanding the number of people with health insurance† (Harrington, S., 2010). Instead of focusing on how many people we can get sign up for health care, we need to be looking into these important factors, because they are just as significant. Cost being one of the biggest issues, but also the  alarming number of non-elderly people without health insurance. Sometimes diseases could be caught early on if middle aged and younger adults had affordable health care to get checked out. Additionally Medicare deficits and continued Medicaid rising costs. There needs to be more focus on these issues in order to beg in to get the health care system where it needs to be. On the other hand, National Health insurance has several benefits, some of which have already began to take place. Mandating companies to provide insurance for their employees is a great example. According to Panning (2014) some of the benefits include financing, cost reduction, payment reform, quality and process improvement, and prevention and wellness. Financing referring to healthier and younger will subsidize part of the care of the less health and elderly patients. Cost reduction is pretty self-explanatory, decreasing the cost and evening out the rate of growth. Payment reform in the new Affordable Care Act will pay for outcomes and value achieved opposed to being rewarded for doing more. Quality and process improvement will include a quality indicator quantity and reporting as well as comparative efficiency research. Lastly Prevention and Wellness, investing and providing incentives for preventive medicine and wellness. Our health care system is unstable for several reasons. The Affordable Care Act was designed to provide not just insurance to everyone but affordable insurance. It has made a significant impact, but still has things that need to be worked out. National Health Insurance has risk and benefits, benefits outweighing the risks. One of the great benefits discussed previously was the mandating of employers having to offer their full-time employees health care coverage. Within the next ten years the Affordable Care Act is supposed to make a huge impact and save trillions of dollars. Hopefully this reform is the solution to our health care system’s problems and that one day everyone will have health insurance and doesn’t get in financial debt paying trying to pay for it. References: Harrington, S. E. (2010). The Health Insurance Reform Debate. Journal Of Risk And Insurance, 77(1), 5-38. Myers, C. R. (2013). Coverage is Not Enough: We Need a Transformation of the Delivery of Health Care!. Tennessee Nurse, 76(1), 1-14. Panning, R. (2014). Healthcare Reform 101. Clinical Laboratory Science, 27(2), 107-111. Rivlin, A. M. (2013). Health Reform: What Next?. Public Administration Review, 73S15-S20. doi:10.1111/puar.12091

Outline Howard Spodek

The creation of writing in Egypt was very close to the creation of writing in Mesopotamia – may have learned it from Egypt Developed their own script – Hieroglyphs (Sacred carvings) Wrote of stone tablets, limestone flakes, pottery, and papyrus Used of business and administration Unification and the Rule of Kings The king lists, records the noses of Upper Egypt Didn't care about race or ethnicity Color of their skin reflected gender Females – workers at home were painted a lighter color Males -? workers outside were painted a darker color Menses or Manners were known as the same person Menses† symbolized unification Kings became very powerful (Gods) With more kings this created more tombs and uneven distribution of wealth Early civilization included national religious ideology The Gods, the Unification of Egypt, and the Afterlife Souris represented order and virtue, but his brother Seth represented disorder and evil Seth put Souris in a box and sent him dow n the Nile Isis got the box and saved him Seth got Souris again and cut him into 14 pieces and sent them don't the river Isis got them all and put them back together and saved himSouris conceived a son, Hours Hours defeated Seth in a battle Hours was often depicted as a falcon on top of the kings Afterlife inspired mummification Afterlife was seen as a place for important people Cities of the Dead Things such as shrines, burial sites were most prominent in Egyptian culture Tombs in Abodes were called â€Å"Maestros† Kings Were buried with furniture, food, weapons, anything they needed for the afterlife Tombs near Square had copper objects and stone vessels Women of Elite families were buried in pyramids, such as Misshapenness 2 The Growth of Cities No existing city-states, had small self generated communities Economies are based off of cereal crops Selected cities were spaced strategically and eventually grew in to full-fledged cities Administration head quarters had given a big boost to the communities they were in 2 cemeteries served 1 city; 1 for common people and 1 for more wealth people Irrigation saved agriculture and helped in severe drought Shaded Irrigation is when buckets bring water from a river to man made irrigation chance Nell Fewer water problems then Mesopotamia Cities supposedly flourished from its temple communityIrrigation + Administration + Worship-? City The Nile Valley provided an adequate natural shield Thebes is the most monumental site The Nile Delta connected Egypt to the outside world Ports were drop off points for trade being sent on donkey of on a small little boat Monumental Architecture of the Old Kingdom: Pyramids and Fortresses Increasing power created more monumental architecture The administrative organization and economic productivity contain due to increase until the end of the Dynasty. Egypt artistic genius continued to develop the sculpture of its tombs. Architects realized the beauty of filling in the Steps Of the pyramids to create a triangular form. Tombs of the queens are situated within proximity of the kings.Tomb robbing were quite frequent. Architectural, spiritual, political and military accomplishments date to the millennium we now call Early Dynastic. The Disintegration of the Old Kingdom Monarchs collected and kept taxes for themselves. The Nile did not reach optimal flood heights and affected agriculture. The Rise and the Fall of the Middle Kingdom King Menthol of Thebes defeated his rivals in the north and reunited the mining. Trade was revived. Fine arts and literature flourished Started to have invasions of the Hooks Kathleen, Capital City of King Kathleen Modern excavations at Marin unearthed the ruins of an ancient Egyptian capital.King Annotate challenged the order of Egypt by adopting a new monotheistic religion. Senate made a city where he, his wife and their six daughters practiced the new religion. The eccentricity of the ruler was reflected in the cities sculptures, arc hitecture, and painting. His isolated position threatened the stability of Egypt empire. The Roots of the Indus Valley Civilization In 1 856 British rulers were supervising construction of a railway and as they were working on it they found thousands of old bricks. They also found stones with artistic designs on them. Many scholars assumed that the Indus valley people learned the art of City buildings from the Sumerians and other people in Mesopotamia.We can make educated guesses about the function and meaning Of remaining artifacts and physical structures. Arts and Crafts Included pottery, dying, metalworking, and beading. Small sculptures are in stone, or terra cotta. Cotton is the first known use for a fiber in weaving textiles. Carefully Planned Cities The two largest settlements are Harp and Enjoy-dark were very similar. Each city held about 40,000 people. The town plan was orderly and regular (even baskets were all uniform in size and shape. ) The regularity Of plans suggests a very organized government and bureaucratic capacity. Excavations at Dollars revealed immense gates at the principal entrances of the city.Legacies of the Harpoon Civilization Most records involve literary and artistic forms. New ecology is based on rice cultivation and the use of iron. The Aryan groups grew skilled and powerful as they move East. The Cities of the Nile and the Indus, What difference do they make? Along the Nile, they are part of a single state that is unified about 3,000 B. C. E. They formed the core of an Imperial state. We learn the significance of archeological and textual study is unearthing. Records can show alliances between rulers and priests. Without text we have no record of religious, philosophical, legal, or administrative systems in the Indus valley.

Privacy And The Public Eye - 1193 Words

Imagine a world where everyone’s privacy was honored, there would be absolutely no screenshots sent out regarding another person’s private information, no celebrity hacks or stealing their information for the latest magazine article, and no identity theft of any kind. Now think about how people could gain all of this freedom? We would have to stop letting ourselves fall victim to something much bigger than what we think and how badly things could go if some of our information ends up in the wrong hands. Nothing maintains its privacy once it is put on the internet, so users need to be mindful of what they reveal online; anyone can take the information and make it their own once it becomes open to the public eye. People are so quick to put personal information on the web that they do not stop to think about the potential consequences of their actions. Privacy concerns represent what individuals believe happens to their information once it becomes open to the public. 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